{"id":4846,"date":"2025-10-17T09:55:41","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T09:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kmdpower.com\/?p=4846"},"modified":"2025-10-17T09:57:42","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T09:57:42","slug":"what-is-a-microgrid-in-a-power-system-and-how-does-it-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kmdpower.com\/cs\/news\/what-is-a-microgrid-in-a-power-system-and-how-does-it-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je to mikros\u00ed\u0165 v energetick\u00e9 soustav\u011b a jak funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Co je to mikros\u00ed\u0165 v energetick\u00e9 soustav\u011b a jak funguje? Ude\u0159\u00ed velk\u00e1 bou\u0159e. V cel\u00e9m okrese vypadne proud. Pro m\u00edstn\u00ed nemocnici to nen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edjemnost, ale krize. Ale zat\u00edmco v okol\u00ed je tma, nemocnice je v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Sv\u011btla sv\u00edt\u00ed. Podpora \u017eivota b\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Provoz pokra\u010duje. To nen\u00ed kouzlo. To je mikros\u00ed\u0165. V\u0161ichni spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1me v\u00edce energie ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm a hlavn\u00ed rozvodn\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 st\u00e1rnout. Pokud si tedy nem\u016f\u017eete dovolit p\u0159ij\u00edt o elekt\u0159inu, mus\u00edte pochopit, co je to mikros\u00ed\u0165.<\/p>

\"\"<\/figure>

Bateriov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 syst\u00e9my Kamada Power 100 kWh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>

\"Kamada<\/figure>

Bateriov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 syst\u00e9my Kamada Power 200kWh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>

Pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1klad\u016f mikros\u00edt\u011b<\/h2>

Co je to vlastn\u011b mikros\u00ed\u0165? Je to mal\u00e1 m\u00edstn\u00ed energetick\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165. M\u016f\u017ee fungovat samostatn\u011b nebo se p\u0159ipojit k hlavn\u00edmu rozvodn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159edstavte si ji jako svou osobn\u00ed, samostatnou s\u00ed\u0165 pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsto. Tov\u00e1rna, kampus, cokoli.<\/p>

Mikros\u00ed\u0165 m\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. To je v\u0161e.<\/p>

  1. Gener\u00e1tory.<\/strong> Kde se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed energie. Mohou to b\u00fdt dieselov\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory, mohou to b\u00fdt sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely. Na tom nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n
  2. Skladov\u00e1n\u00ed energie.<\/strong> To je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy se jedn\u00e1 o velkou banku pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed, jako nap\u0159. sod\u00edkov\u00e9 baterie<\/strong>. Ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed energii, kdy\u017e ji nepot\u0159ebujete, a vracej\u00ed ji, kdy\u017e ji pot\u0159ebujete.<\/li>\n\n
  3. Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.<\/strong> V\u011bci, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed energii. HVAC va\u0161\u00ed budovy. T\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong> na va\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed plo\u0161e.<\/li>\n\n
  4. \u0158\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/strong> Mozek. Tato \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotka, \u010dasto propojen\u00e1 se syst\u00e9mem BMS, rozhoduje o tom, kam p\u016fjde energie, sekundu po sekund\u011b.<\/li><\/ol>

    Setk\u00e1te se se dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi druhy: p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k s\u00edti<\/strong> a ostrovn\u00ed<\/strong>. Mikros\u00ed\u0165 p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 k s\u00edti m\u016f\u017ee prod\u00e1vat energii zp\u011bt do s\u00edt\u011b. Ostrovn\u00ed mikros\u00ed\u0165 je zcela odk\u00e1z\u00e1na sama na sebe. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt. P\u0159edstavte si odlehl\u00fd d\u016fl nebo vojenskou z\u00e1kladnu.<\/p>

    Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 parametry mikros\u00edt\u011b<\/strong><\/p>

    Pro lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu uv\u00e1d\u00edme typick\u00e9 \u00fadaje pro komer\u010dn\u00ed mikros\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>

    Parametr<\/th>Typick\u00fd rozsah<\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky \/ Zdroj<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Kapacita mikros\u00edt\u011b<\/td>100 kW - 10 MW<\/td>IEEE Std 2030.7, 2022<\/td><\/tr>
    Velikost \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b energie<\/td>200 kWh - 5 MWh<\/td>Datab\u00e1ze mikros\u00edt\u00ed NREL<\/td><\/tr>
    Doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/td>1-24 hodin<\/td>Z\u00e1vis\u00ed na profilu m\u00edstn\u00ed popt\u00e1vky<\/td><\/tr>
    Obnoviteln\u00fd pod\u00edl<\/td>20% - 100%<\/td>US DOE, Sandia Labs<\/td><\/tr>
    Doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed ostrovn\u00edho re\u017eimu<\/td>30 minut - 72 hodin<\/td>Norma IEEE 2030.7<\/td><\/tr>
    ROI<\/td>3-7 let<\/td>Projekty komer\u010dn\u00edch mikros\u00edt\u00ed v USA, 2023<\/td><\/tr>
    Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku<\/td>10% - 60%<\/td>NREL, 2022<\/td><\/tr>
    N\u00e1klady na kW<\/td>$1,000 - $4,000<\/td>DOE EERE, 2023<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    Jak funguje mikros\u00ed\u0165<\/h2>

    \u00dakolem mikros\u00edt\u011b je \u0159\u00eddit tok energie. Inteligentn\u011b. \u0158\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m sleduje v\u0161e a neust\u00e1le. V\u00fdrobu energie, stav bateri\u00ed, popt\u00e1vku budov. \u0158ekn\u011bme, \u017ee je slune\u010dn\u00fd den. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edce energie, ne\u017e pot\u0159ebujete. \u0158\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m to vid\u00ed a po\u0161le v\u00e1m \u0161\u0165\u00e1vu nav\u00edc.\u00a0sod\u00edkovo-iontov\u00e9 baterie<\/a><\/strong>. Jednoduch\u00e9. Pak p\u0159ijde mrak nebo se spust\u00ed velk\u00fd stroj. \u0158\u00eddic\u00ed jednotka okam\u017eit\u011b odebere energii z bateri\u00ed, aby pokryla z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e. Je to neust\u00e1l\u00e9 vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>

    Toho se dosahuje pomoc\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch strategi\u00ed.<\/p>

    Strategie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/th>Popis<\/th>Efektivita \/ V\u00fdhody<\/th>Zdroj:<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Centralizovan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>V\u0161echny komponenty spravuje jeden \u0159adi\u010d<\/td>Vysok\u00e1 koordinace, optimalizovan\u00fd provoz<\/td>Norma IEEE 2030.7<\/td><\/tr>
    Decentralizovan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>M\u00edstn\u00ed ovlada\u010de spravuj\u00ed komponenty<\/td>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odolnost v\u016f\u010di selh\u00e1n\u00edm<\/td>Pr\u016fvodce mikros\u00edt\u011bmi NREL, 2022<\/td><\/tr>
    Prediktivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \/ \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na b\u00e1zi um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/strong><\/td>P\u0159edpov\u011bdi a ML pro zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdrobu<\/td>Sni\u017euje n\u00e1klady 5-15%, zvy\u0161uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie<\/td>Sandia Labs, 2023<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed funkc\u00ed je v\u0161ak ostrovn\u00ed re\u017eim<\/strong>. P\u0159i v\u00fdpadku hlavn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b se mikros\u00ed\u0165 odpoj\u00ed. Stane se to b\u011bhem zlomku sekundy. Pot\u00e9 nap\u00e1j\u00ed va\u0161e za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z vlastn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Pro datov\u00e9 centrum to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nedojde ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b dat. Pro tov\u00e1rnu to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nedojde k odst\u00e1vce. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto okam\u017eit\u00e9m p\u0159epnut\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 odolnost. O to tu jde.<\/p>

    Aplikace a p\u0159\u00edpady pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>

    Kde se tyto v\u011bci skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? V\u0161ude.<\/p>

    Typ mikros\u00edt\u011b<\/th>Typick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th>V\u00fdhody<\/th>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 odkazy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Komunitn\u00ed mikros\u00ed\u0165<\/strong><\/td>Obytn\u00e9 \u010dtvrti, kampusy<\/td>M\u00edstn\u00ed energetick\u00e1 autonomie, sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby energie ve \u0161pi\u010dce<\/td>NREL, 2022<\/td><\/tr>
    Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 mikros\u00ed\u0165<\/strong><\/td>Tov\u00e1rny, sklady<\/td>Spolehlivost, optimalizace n\u00e1klad\u016f, integrace obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie<\/td>IEEE PES, 2023<\/td><\/tr>
    Mikros\u00ed\u0165 na d\u00e1lku \/ mimo s\u00ed\u0165<\/strong><\/td>Ostrovy, venkovsk\u00e9 oblasti, vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny<\/td>Nez\u00e1visl\u00fd provoz, energetick\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost<\/td>Sandia Labs, 2022<\/td><\/tr>
    Hybridn\u00ed mikros\u00ed\u0165<\/strong><\/td>Kombinovan\u00e9 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k s\u00edti + ostrovn\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed<\/td>Flexibilita, integrace obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/td>Zpr\u00e1va US DOE o mikros\u00edti, 2023<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    Nemocnice je pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee si nemohou dovolit selhat. Nikdy. Datov\u00e1 centra pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed provozuschopnost 100%. Univerzity je pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, aby sn\u00ed\u017eily sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty za elekt\u0159inu. Opravdu \u010dast\u00e9 jsou u velk\u00fdch sklad\u016f. P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o tom. M\u00e1te flotilu elektrick\u00fdch vysokozdvi\u017en\u00fdch voz\u00edk\u016f. Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed se neust\u00e1le nab\u00edjet. Nem\u016f\u017eete b\u00fdt z\u00e1visl\u00ed na hlavn\u00ed s\u00edti.<\/p>

    V\u00fdhody zaveden\u00ed mikros\u00edt\u011b<\/h2>

    Pro\u010d by to m\u011blo va\u0161i firmu zaj\u00edmat? Proto\u017ee se to skute\u010dn\u011b vyplat\u00ed.<\/p>